IMolybdenum, inguqu yentsimbi yesiqalelo esingunombolo 42 kwitafile yeperiodikhi, itsale umdla omkhulu kwiipropathi zayo zeekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Isimboli sayo sekhemikhali yi-Mo, kwaye ibonisa intsimbi esiliva-emhlophe ibengezela kwaye iqinile kwaye yomelele. I-Molybdenum izinzile kwiqondo lokushisa, alikwazi ukungena emoyeni kwaye ikhemikhali ingasebenzi kunye ne-hydrochloric okanye i-hydrofluoric acids. Oku kwenza ukuba kube yimfuneko kwiinkalo ezininzi.
I-Molybdenum, inguqu yentsimbi yesiqalelo esingunombolo 42 kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, ikho ikakhulu njengeminerali eyenzeka ngokwendalo ye-molybdenite (MoS2). Le minerali ithambileyo, emnyama yaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa ukufana kwayo neeminerali ezifana nelothe, i-galena, kunye negraphite kwenze kwanzima ukwahlula ngokuchanekileyo. NgesiGrike, igama elithi "molybdos" lithetha ukukhokela, kwaye kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, ezi zinyithi zimbini zazithengiswa ngapha nangapha kwimarike yaseYurophu njenge-molybdenum ore.
Ngo-1779, uScheele wabonisa ngokulinga ukuba ilothe okanye igraphite kunye nemolybdenum zizinto ezahlukileyo. Wabona ukuba i-nitric acid ayinayo impendulo kunye negraphite, kodwa iphendule nge-molybdenum ore ukuvelisa umgubo omhlophe. Ngaphezu koko, xa iasidi yenitric kunye nomxube wealkaline zibiliswa zaza zafakwa kwikristale, ityuwa yaqina. U-Scheele wafumanisa ukuba lo mgubo omhlophe wawuyintsimbi ye-oxide, i-molybdenum oxide. Wazama ukuxuba le oxide kunye namalahle kunye nokufudumeza kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ukuvelisa ngempumelelo i-molybdenum eluhlaza. Ukwafumanise ukuba ukufudumeza imolybdenum ngesulfure kuvelisa imolybdenum esulungekileyo.
Ngo-1782, umsebenzi wasemgodini waseSweden u-Elmo wazama indlela entsha yokukhupha i-molybdenum. Uxube i-charcoal, i-molybdic acid, kunye neoli ye-linseed ukuze ahlukanise ngempumelelo i-metallic molybdenum kwi-molybdenum ore. Wayibiza ngokuba yimolybdenum, enophawu u-Mo. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kuye kwaqatshelwa ngusokhemisti owaziwayo waseSweden uBerzelius, ongafumananga nje izinto ezifana necerium, selenium, silicon, tantalum, kunye nethorium, kodwa waphinda waqhuba{4}}kuphando olunzulu ngeempawu zemolybdenum.
Xa isinyithi se-molybdenum sitshisa emoyeni, sikhupha ukukhanya kwegolide, kwaye i-molybdenum ion kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-oxidation zibonisa imibala eyahlukeneyo. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 yokuhlola, akuzange kube ngu-1893 apho uMawson wanyibilikisa umxube wekhabhoni kunye ne-molybdenum trioxide kwiziko lombane, evelisa isinyithi sokuqala esinemolybdenum engama-92% -96%.
Nangona imolybdenum yafunyanwa kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo, ubukhulu bayo-uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwaqala kule nkulungwane, ngakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. I-Molybdenum kunye ne-alloys yayo ifumene ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi ngenxa yamandla abo aphezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, i-thermal conductivity egqwesileyo kunye nombane, kunye ne-corrosion ebalaseleyo kunye nokumelana nokunxiba.
Imolybdenum isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwintsimbi yealloy, intsimbi engatyiwa, isixhobo sentsimbi, kunye nentsimbi ekhatywayo, apho imfuno yemolybdenum iphezulu. Ukongezwa kwe-molybdenum kuphucula kakhulu ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion yensimbi engenasici, ngelixa ukongeza i-molybdenum kwintsimbi yokuphosa iphinda ikhulise amandla ayo kunye nokumelana nokunxiba. Ngaphaya koko, i-nickel-esekelwe kwi-superalloys equlethe i-18% ye-molybdenum inezicelo ezibalulekileyo kushishino lwe-aerospace. Indawo yabo ephezulu yokunyibilika, ingxinano ephantsi, kunye nomlinganiso ophantsi wokwandiswa kwe-thermal kubenza balungele ukwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo{5}}zobushushu obuphezulu.
I-Molybdenum isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto zombane, kubandakanywa nezixhobo zombane ezifana neetyhubhu ze-electron, ii-transistors, kunye ne-rectifiers. Ucingo lwemolybdenum olusulungekileyo lukwanenkqubo ebalulekileyo-kwiziko lobushushu obuphezulu, umatshini wokukhupha umbane (EDM), kunye neengcingo{2}}ukusika. I-Molybdenum ikwasetyenziswa ekwenzeni oonomathotholo kunye ne-X{4}}isixhobo sereyi, kunye nakwamanye amashishini ealloyi kunye neekhemikhali.
Ukongeza i-molybdenum kwiintsimbi ze-alloy kunokuphucula ngakumbi umda wabo we-elastic, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye neempawu zemagneti ezisisigxina. I-molybdenum oxide kunye ne-molybdates idlala indima ebalulekileyo njenge-catalysts kumashishini ekhemikhali kunye ne-petroleum. Ngaphaya koko, i-molybdenum disulfide sisithambisi esibalulekileyo kwi-aerospace kunye nemizi-mveliso yoomatshini. Ukumelana kwayo nesulfure okukhethekileyo kwenza ukuba ikwazi ukwenza i-hydrogenation ye-carbon monoxide kwii-alcohols phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemolybdenum kuyanda ngokuqhubekayo, ngoku kuquka uluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo, kuquka amandla enyukliya kunye namandla amatsha. I-Molybdenum ikwayinto yokulandela umkhondo ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwesityalo kwaye ibalulekile kubomi bezityalo. Kwezolimo, imolybdenum isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizichumisi zokulandelela ukubonelela ngezondlo eziyimfuneko kwizityalo.
I-Molybdenum, into edlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino kunye nezolimo, nayo idlala indima emzimbeni womntu. Isixa sisonke se-molybdenum kumzimba womntu omdala simalunga ne-9 mg, kunye nesibindi kunye nezintso ezingamalungu anomlinganiselo ophezulu we-molybdenum. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-Mo-99, i-isotope ye-radioactive ye-molybdenum, isetyenziswa kwizibhedlele ukulungiselela i-Technetium-99. I-Technetium-99, i-isotope enamandla ye-radioactive, isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza imifanekiso yamalungu angaphakathi. Ngexesha lokucinga, i-Mo-99 idla ngokufunxwa yi-aluminium oxide powder kwaye igcinwe kwisitya esincinci. Njengoko iMo-99 ibola, iguqukela kwiTechnetium-99, ethi ke isetyenziswe kuxilongo lwezonyango.
Ukufunyaniswa kwemolybdenum kuqale ngenkulungwane ye-14, xa yafunyanwa okokuqala ekuyilweni kwamakrele eSamurai yaseJapan, ingenisa izicelo zayo zomkhosi. Ngo-1891, inkampani yaseFransi i-Snyder yenza izinto ezintsha ngokusebenzisa i-molybdenum njengento yokudibanisa ukuvelisa i-armor plating equlethe i-molybdenum, iphakamisa ubuninzi bayo obuphantsi (isiqingatha kuphela se-tungsten). Oku kufunyenweyo kwakhokelela ekubeni imolybdenum ngokuthe ngcembe ithabathel’ indawo i-tungsten kwiialloyi ezininzi zentsimbi. Ngokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, unikezelo lwe-ferrotungsten lwanqongophala, kwaye imfuno ye-tungsten yonyuka ngokumangalisayo, iqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa kwe-molybdenum{5}}bubulukhuni kunye nefuthe{6}}elixhathisa iintsimbi. Ngenxa yokubaluleka okwandayo kwe-molybdenum emkhosini, oorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela baqala ukuyijonga njengentsimbi yeqhinga. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, izicelo ze-molybdenum zazisele zandile ukuquka{10}}ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zerokhethi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu kunye nophuhliso lwemathiriyeli ephucukileyo efana ne-tungsten kunye ne-molybdenum alloys. IMolybdenum yayisetyenziswa kakhulu{12}kudidi oluphezulu lwezixhobo zemfazwe, iirokethi, kunye{13}}nezixhobo eziphezulu.
Ingxubevange ye-molybdenum,-i-alloys engeyiyo i-ferrous eyenziwe yi-molybdenum edityaniswe nezinye iziqalelo, inamalungu aphambili aquka i-titanium, i-zirconium, i-hafnium, i-tungsten, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ezi alloys zibonelela nge-thermal conductivity egqwesileyo, ukuhanjiswa kakuhle kombane, kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi. Babonisa amandla akhethekileyo kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, ukusuka kwi-1100 ukuya kwi-1650 degree, kwaye banikezela ngeempawu eziphezulu zokucwangcisa xa kuthelekiswa ne-tungsten. Ngenxa yoko, ii-alloys ze-molybdenum zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kweegridi kunye ne-anode yeetyhubhu ze-electron, izixhobo zenkxaso yemithombo yokukhanya yombane, i-die{6}}i-casting kunye ne-extrusion iyafa, kunye nokwakhiwa kwezinto eziphambili ze-spacecraft.
Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, imfuno ye-molybdenum yehla. Ukujongana nalo mceli mngeni, eli shishini lifuneka ngokukhawuleza liphonononge izicelo ezitsha. Ngethamsanqa, intsimbi entsha ephantsi{2}}ye-molybdenum alloy yafumana ukwamkelwa kushishino lweemoto, iphawula ixesha elitsha kuphando nophuhliso lwemolybdenum kwiindawo ezifana nentsimbi. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1930, imolybdenum yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengento ekrwada kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ibonelela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yokwandiswa kweemarike zemolybdenum{5}eziqulathe izixhobo zentsimbi. I-Post-imizamo yolwakhiwo ngokutsha lweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yakhuthaza ngakumbi uphando kunye nophuhliso lwemarike kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso ye-molybdenum.
Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, intsimbi ye-alloy, insimbi engenasici, insimbi yesixhobo, kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo iseyeyona ndlela iphambili yokusetyenziswa kwe-molybdenum. Nangona kunjalo, ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso lwamashishini, sikholelwa ukuba izicelo ze-molybdenum ziya kuqhubeka zisanda, zibe negalelo ngakumbi kwinkqubela phambili yoluntu.
I-molybdenum, eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ifumaneka ikakhulu kwigranite kumhlaba ongaphezulu. Iidipozithi zayo zamaminerali zilula, ngokuyintloko ziquka i-ores ye-sulfide. Ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekileyo kwizixhobo zomkhosi, amazwe amakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele ayichonge njengendawo yokugcina izimbiwa enobuchule. Oovimba bezimbiwa ngobuchule bajolise ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokuqokelela imithombo yezimbiwa enqabileyo kwilizwe lam. Kungoku nje, amazwe alishumi kwihlabathi jikelele aseke iindlela ezibanzi zogcino lwezimbiwa. ilizwe lam lizingca ngoovimba bemolybdenum abaninzi, abafikelela kwi-8.6 yezigidi zeetoni (elinganiswa nge-molybdenum), apho oovimba bemizi-mveliso bathatha malunga ne-3.5 yezigidi zeetoni, kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi jikelele. Ezi zixhobo azikho zikhulu kuphela kwaye zisasazwa ngokubanzi, kodwa zikwabonisa idiphozithi ezinkulu-ezingekho nzulu, imizimba yentsimbi ekrwada efikeleleka lula, enefuthe elimandla kwimarike yemolybdenum yehlabathi. INorth America ikwaqhayisa ngezixhobo ezininzi zemolybdenum. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ulawulo lobutyebi belizwe lam lwemolybdenum luhambele phambili kakhulu kunolo lwemihlaba enqabileyo. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMithombo yeNdalo kungoku nje iceba ukutyumba imolybdenum njengesimbiwa esikhuselweyo, iphumeze ulawulo olupheleleyo lwezabelo zemigodi nokupapasha okujoliswe kuko ngokwesabelo semigodi esingqinelanayo. Le ntshukumo ibonisa ukuba i-molybdenum iya kuba yenye iminerali ekhethekileyo, edibanisa igolide, i-tungsten, i-tin, i-antimony, kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo, ukufumana ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kunye nolawulo oluvela kurhulumente.
